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Hint
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Answer
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god has given up what?
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control over human actions
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in order to?
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bring about a greater good
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by giving up control, what has God given humans?
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free will
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what can humans therefore make?
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their own decisions
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and are responsible for?
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their own actions
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so they can develop as?
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moral agents
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however, this alone is not enough to allow us to?
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develop
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so this is why ---- exists?
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suffering
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so we develop good qualities like? (1)
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courage
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(2)
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compassion
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(3)
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patience
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pain is the?
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stimulus for development
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but while pain can cause us to develop good qualities, we could also develop?
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negetive qualities
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such as? (1)
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greed
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(2)
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selfishness
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we must be placed in situations that require us to make?
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decisions
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the price of free will is therefore the existence of?
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moral evil
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as genuine free will includes the permission, opportunity and ability to commit?
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unspeakable acts of evil
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those who defend free will have 2 things to prove, that is is not possible to have?
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free will and not moral evil
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and that the results of having free will are?
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worth the price
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who presents one of the best examples of the free will defence?
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JL Mackie
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who was an ?
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atheist
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what was he originally attempting to do to the free will defence?
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disprove it
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in his sarcastically titled book?
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the miracle of theism
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Mackie's main reason for thinking God does not exist is?
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the problem of evil
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he constructs his defence, and then does what to it?
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rejects it
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but his original defence provides the clearest example of how?
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god could co exist with evil
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Mackie creates how many orders of good and evils?
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3
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first order goods include? (1)
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pleasure
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(2)
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happiness
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for example, someone reading a particularly good book is in a state of?
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first order good
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first order evils include? (1)
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pain
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(2)
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misery
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for example, someone who has been broken up with is experiencing?
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first order evil
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if we come across someone in the state of first order evil, two reactions are open to us, the first being that we can ?
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reduce their misery
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by being ? (1)
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sympathetic
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(2)
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understanding
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the second being that we can?
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exacerbate their misery
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by being? (1)
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spiteful
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(2)
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mean
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we can similarly reduce or increase someone's happiness that came from their first order good with our?
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reaction
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therefore, kindness, love, generosity etc. are?
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second order goods
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and envy, jealousy, greed etc. are?
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second order evils
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second order goods exist to?
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maximise first order good and minimise first order evil
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seocnd order evils exist to?
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maximise first order evil and minimise first order good
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maximising good or evil is therefore ?
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our choice
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the third order good is?
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freedom
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as it allows us to choose between second order ?
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good or evil
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so it teaches us to?
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love the good
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god is therefore ---- in putting evil in the universe?
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justified
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as it teaches us to be?
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morally responsible
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however, Mackie condemns this argument as?
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incoherent
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because he says it is logically possible for a person to ?
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make only good choices
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so God could have created humans to exclusively make?
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free good choices
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but, God did not, so either God?
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is not omnipotent
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or is not?
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omnibenevolent
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so Mackie's conclusion from this is that?
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god does not exist
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who refuted jl mackie's defence?
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alvin plantinga
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he argues there is no possible world where God could have created humans to always make?
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good free choices
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forcing someone to chose freely is an?
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oxymoron
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so in order to be free to choose, there must be?
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multiple options
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in order to disprove Mackie, he must prove that it is logically impossible that God could have created humans to?
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always freely chose good
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he must also provide a logically possible reason as to why?
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god allows evil
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this reason does not have to be true, only ?
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logically possible
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Plantinga claims God allows evil to exists for two?
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morally sufficient reasons
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the first explains?
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the logical problem of evil
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