Hint
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Answer
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NATURAL MORAL LAW created by
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thomas aquinas
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in which century
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13th
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four fold divisions
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eternal law, divine law, natural moral law, human law
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eternal law definition
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gods laws of creation
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divine law definition
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eternal law revealed through special revelation
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natural moral law
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natural sense of right and wrong
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discovered through?
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reason
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human law
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legal system
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human law should not contradict?
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natural moral law
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natural moral law developed from whos ideas?
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aristotle
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who developed his theory based on?
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virtue
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and viewed human purpose as?
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eudaimonia
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but aquinas and natural moral law view human purpose as?
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fellowship with god
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our telos on earth is ?
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human flourishing
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but the telos of all humanity is?
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beatific vision
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which can only be achieved?
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in the afterlife
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quote about human telos and happiness
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full happiness resides in the loving vision of god
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who said this?
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father pinckaers
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synderesis rule
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do good and avoid evil
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why are all the other precepts based from the synderesis rule?
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it is the main guiding principle
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primary precepts
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preservation of innocent life, reproduction, educate children, worship god , ordered society
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why is the first precept something that humans share with all other substances?
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all things have a natural desire to keep existing
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who do humans have the 2nd and 3rd precepts in common with?
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animals
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the 4th and 5th precepts are?
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unique to humans
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relationship between primary and secondary precepts?
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secondary precepts are derived from primary precepts
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example of secondary precept for reproduction
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no contraception
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example of secondary precept for ordered society
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no theft
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controversy around the idea that secondary precepts are?
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culturally relative
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things may be legal in some countries but go against the precepts eg
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polygamy
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however, while the primary precepts are absolute, the secondary precepts can be more flexible quote from Aquinas
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the natural law is altogether unchangeable in its first principles, but in its secondary principles may be changed in some particular cases of rare occurrence
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what text is the quote from?
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summa theologica
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aquinas believed in 2 types of good
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real and apparent
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real good
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truly good and works with God’s purpose
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apparent good
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something that appears good but does not fit with God’s intended purpose
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eg, adultery can feel like a real good because of
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short term pleasure
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but it is an apparent good as
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goes against precepts
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exterior acts are only good if accompanied by?
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right intention
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for example?
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philanthropy for fame is not true morality
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4 cardinal virtues
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prudence justice fortitude temperance
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3 theological virtues
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faith hope love
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virtuous development in order to?
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correct our fallen nature
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what does Aquinas use to discuss the legality of killing in self defence?
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the principle of double effect
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what is the main summary of it?
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always wrong to do a bad act with good consequences, sometimes okay to do a good act with bad consequences
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how many conditions does the principle have
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4
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first condition
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nature of the act
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explanation
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act must not be morally bad
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second condition
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means-end
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explanation
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evil is not made a means to obtain good effect
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third condition
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right intention
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explanation
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bad effect must be an unintentional side effect
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explanation cont.
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bad effect can be forseen but must not be intended
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fourth condition
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proportionality
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explanation
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good effect should be at least proportionate to the evil
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kevin kelly on NML
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too deontologically focused
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proportionalism aquinas said it was acceptable to ?
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steal bread for starving family
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but not acceptable to?
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lie to save someone from death
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quote about proportionalist reaction to aquinas
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they have "pointed out the inconsistency and invalidity of such thinking"
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proportionalism dictates that you should never go against certain moral rules without?
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a proportionate reason
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proportionalist scholars
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hoose and janssens
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they said modern day versions of NML were too?
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inflexible
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when deciding if an action is moral/immoral you need to consider?
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the intention of the moral agent
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if intention is ignored, you can only consider?
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the ontic goodness of the act
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acts only become valued when you consider both (1)
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proportion of value to disvalue
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(2)
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intention of the moral agent
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so, no acts are ?
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intrinsically evil
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SITUATION ETHICS context- era
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60s
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significance?
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hippie movement, sexual revolution, promotion of peace
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Paul Tillich quote
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the law of love is the ultimate law because it is the negation of the law
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William Temple quote
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only one ultimate and invariable duty, love thy neighbour
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Joesph Flecter's foreword to Situation Ethics contain an anecdote of ?
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st louis bus story
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the moral of which being?
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there are times when a man has to push his principles aside and do the right thing
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legalism
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set of absolute rules and regulations
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antinomianism
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no laws governing human behaviour, ad hoc
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situationism
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inbetween legalism and antinomianism
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moral decisions are based on?
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what best serves love
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agape
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Christian selfless love
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it is neo casuistry, meaning
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case based and circumstance dependent
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4 presuppositions
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pragmatism relativism positivism personalism
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pragmatism
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what is practical
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quote about pragmatism from william james
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a pragmatist turns his back on fixed principles
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relativism
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relativity to the situation
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positivism
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knowing gods love
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personalism
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people focused
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fletcher also emphasizes the importance of ?
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conscience
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but rejects conventional ideas about it and says its a ?
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verb not a noun, prospective not retrospective
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fletcher, in addition to the 4 presuppositions had ?
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6 propositions
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1
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love only is always good
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example of a solider
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suicide is a good act in self sacrifice
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2
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love is the only norm
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example 1
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bonhoeffers assasination plan
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example 2
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mother maria
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3
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love and justice are the same
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what can be used to calculate the amount of love generated by an action
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agapeic calculus
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example
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British intelligence in ww2
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4
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loving is not liking
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5
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love justifies the means
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example
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wilderness road
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example
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gisella pearl
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6
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love decides there and then
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Aristotle
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born ?
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stagira, greece 384 bc
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wrote several books on ethics including?
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nicomachean ethics
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who was aristotles teacher?
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plato
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who developed ?
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four cardinal virtues prudence justice fortitude temperance
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aristotle believed human telos is?
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eudaimonia
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and that the ultimate aim is?
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the greatest good
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in order to achieve this end we must?
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practise
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like?
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archers hitting a target
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supreme happiness =
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happiness for the community not the individual
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what type of ethical system?
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character based
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to develop we must?
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control our emotions and behaviour
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aristotle believed virtuous behaviour could become a?
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habit through practise
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and we can know how virtuous we are through?
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responding spontaneously to situations
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what must you be about your actions?
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self reflective
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2 types of virtues
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moral and intellectual
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how many moral virtues are there?
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12
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which lie between?
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excess and deficiency
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and you aim for?
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the golden mean
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how many intellectual virtues are there?
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9
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aristotle believes moral virtue should not be evaluated over a short period, but rather over someone's?
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complete life
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there are 2 aspects to the human soul
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rational and non rational
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the non rational soul has ?
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moral virtues
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such as?
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courage patience modesty
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the rational soul has?
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intellectual virtues
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such as?
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phronesis , episteme , eubolia
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moral virtues are developed by?
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habit
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as?
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one swallow doesnt make a spring
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choice means?
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rational deliberation
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golden mean is?
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relative to each individual
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and found through?
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phronesis
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stages of finding the golden mean?
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sophron akrate enkrate
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pleasure definition
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unimpeded activity of a natural condition
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virtue developed from pleasure
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temperance
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only what kind of actions can be virtuous?
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voluntary
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what in necessary to carry out a virtuous action?
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proper intention
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proper intention does not include motivators like?
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desire wish opinion
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it must involve?
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deliberation and choice
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aristotle concludes that good life for humans=
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theoria
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which is the intellectual virtue of?
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contemplation
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aristotles definition of injustice
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when someone does soemthing wrong for their advantage
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justice demands?
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equality
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quote about benefits and society
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"a person should reap the benefits from society according to what he sows for it"
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a good government instils
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the highest moral standards in its citizens
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and encourages
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moral growth
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3 major types of happiness
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bovine, honour seekers, contemplative
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Robert Louden-
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VE doesn’t provide answers to moral dilemmas when virtues clash
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