P+P Part A's 6

What is the typical concentration of plasma glucose (fasting)?

What is the typical concentration of plasma bicarbonate?

Normal plasma osmolarity is

Normal blood pH (arterial) is

If the extracellular potassium concentration is doubled, what happens to the resting nerve cell

Action potential conduction velocity in the largest myelinated nerve fibre is

Myelination increases conduction velocity because it

Select one drug that can block voltage-gated Na+ channels

The sequence of nerve block by local anaesthetics is

A clinical use of a voltage-gated K+ channel blocker is

A competitive antagonist at the muscarinic neuroeffector junction

A depolarising blocker at the skeletal neuromuscular junction

A blocker of autonomic ganglia receptors

A blocker of noradrenaline uptake into nerve terminals

A competitive antagonist of beta1-adrenoceptors

The presence of haemoglobin in normal arterial blood increases its oxygen concentration by how many times?

An increase in ... increases the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin

Most of the carbon dioxide transported in the blood is in the form of

Pulmonary surfactant is produced by

Give a metabolic function that the lung does not perform

Sympathetic nerves innervate the motor endplate in skeletal muscle

Parasympathetic nerves innervate the motor endplate in smooth muscle

Smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract is directly innervated mainly by sympathetic nerves

Endothelial cells lining blood vessels can generate nitric oxide

Parasympathetic nerves contract bladder smooth muscle

What does the P wave represent?

What does the T wave represent?

Suppose a patient ingests a drug that partially blocks the delayed rectifier-type K+ channel in the heart. What would happen, if anything, to the Q-T interval?

Look at the next ECG (Trace B). How does it differ from the normal ECG in Trace A?

What might be the cause of the altered activity in Trace B?

Systemic arterial blood pressure (mm Hg)

Pulmonary arterial blood pressure (mm Hg)

Resting cardiac output

Basal oxygen consumption

Ventilation (at rest)

atropine

serotonin

morphine

insulin

steroids

Emptying of the gut is stimulated by

Give TWO agents likely to cause constipation

Loss of sympathetic nerve activity will produce

Blockade of cholinesterase will produce

Clearance is defined as the

In general, for a given clearance the rate of elimination of a drug will vary

If the elimination rate is expressed in mg/min and plasma concentration in mg/ml, the units of clearance are

The clearance of gentamicin in a 60 kg woman is 5 L/hour. Calculate the dose to be given by intravenous injection every 8 hours to achieve a mean steady-state concentration (Css) of 4 mg/L.

Because of deteriorating renal function the half-life in this patient increases from 2 hours to 12 hours but the original dose is maintained. What new mean steady-state concentration will be reached under these changed circumstances?

Histamine is secreted by

Give 2 actions which result in histamine secretion

Histamine stimulates the secretion of

This secretion is by action at

NA is released from preganglionic sympathetic nerves.

NA is synthesised outside the vesicle in nerve terminals and then transported into the vesicle.

Released NA acts on muscarinic M3 receptors in bladder smooth muscle.

Once released the action of NA is terminated by tyrosine hydroxylase.

NA, by action at beta1-adrenoceptors, increases cAMP levels in the heart.

One endocrine function of the kidney is

The normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is

One factor favouring filtration is the glomerular hydrostatic pressure which is

One factor opposing filtration is the glomerular capillary colloid osmotic pressure which is

Strong activation of renal sympathetic nerves

The extracellular plasma volume is

The interstitial fluid volume is

The intracellular fluid volume is

The total transcellular fluid volume is

The total body fluid volume is

Nicotinic receptors are found in

Muscarinic receptors are found in

Bradycardia is produced by acetylcholine action on

The TWO main mechanisms underlying bradycardia are

Normal volume of anatomic dead space

The PO2 in a red blood entering a pulmonary capillary

The mean pressure in the main pulmonary artery is

Tissue PO2 can be as low as

For dissolved oxygen, Henry's law states that the amount dissolved is

The upstroke of the action potential in cardiac pacemaker cells is due to

The action potential in ventricular myocytes normally has an approximate duration of

Hyperpolarisation is due to

When exercising vigorously the maximum heart rate (beats per min; bpm) can reach

Regarding the rate of rise of the cardiac action potential, local anaesthetics will

cortisol

growth hormone

glucagon

calcitonin

estrogen

Insulin is a

Insulin is produced by the ... cells of the pancrease

Insulin secretion is stimulated by

Glucagon is a

Glucagon is synthesised in ... cells

The upstroke of the action potential in skeletal muscle is usually blocked by calcium channel blockers.

Skeletal muscle fibres have a well-defined t-tubule system.

Sarcomeres are poorly developed in skeletal muscle.

Troponin C binds calcium and initiates cross bridge cycling.

The endplate potential is initiated by the actions of acetylcholine released from somatic motor nerves acting at muscarinic M3 receptors.