APWH Unit 3

(1644-1911 CE) the last imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Ming Dynasty and succeeded by the People's Republic; Formed the territorial base of the modern Chinese State; founded in 1644 by the Manchus and ruled China for more than 260 years

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) between 16th and 18th centuries that had a syncretic culuture of the Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs

A West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade in the region during the period; eventually defeated by the Moroccans who were broke after fighting with Portugal

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.

Elite Ottoman guard trained as foot soldiers or administrators that were recruited from the Christian population through the devshirme system; they often converted to Islam

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land

The idea that monarchs are God's representatives on Earth and are therefore answerable only to God

A system of government in which the head of state is a hereditary position and the king or queen has almost complete power

Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility

Archaic tax system of the Mughal Empire where decentralized lords collected tribute for the emperor

To generate money for territorial expansion, Ottoman rulers used this tax-collection system; under this system, the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them

Religious reform movement begun by Martin Luther who questioned the practices of the Catholic Church in 1517; split the Church and resulted in new Christian denominations, including Lutherans, Calvinists, and others

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic Church; they were posted on October 31, 1517; ultimately led to Martin Luther's excommunication from the Church

German monk who criticized the Church; believed people could have a personal relationship with God; wrote the 95 Theses and triggered the Protestant Reformation

The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope, ended the sale of indulgences and simony; created Jesuits and the Inquisition

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism; were often sent to China, Japan, and around the world to gain Catholic converts

A pardon given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for the repentance of sins; the selling of these pardons helped trigger the Protestant Reformation

The buying and selling of church offices

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy, a reaction to the Protestant Reformation

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia

(1509-1564) French theologian; Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism which taught that some were predestined to go to Heaven and some were not; grew in part because adherents believed in a strong work ethic

The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam; a result of the presence of the Mughal Empire in India

The Japanese system of government under a shogun (military warlord), who exercised actual power while the emperor was reduced to a figurehead

15th century invention in the Holy Roman Empire which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself; one of the key causes of the Protestant Reformation

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation and religious comprimise with Hindus

Took the Safavid Empire into its golden age centered around Shia Islam; created an empire that took the best out of all neighboring cultures including Ottomans and Persians, reformed military and civilian life in the empire

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.

A "second Genghis Khan" who united Mongols and led them in a series of conquests. His enemies called him "Prince of Destruction"; he subdued Asia, Persia, Mesopotamia and India.

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; power would be restrained after the Tokugawa Shogunate

Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa shogunate

A semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. Took power in a revolution in 1603 that limited power of the daimyo. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. Made the decision to close the country from European influences in the 17th century outside of the Dutch

Beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife; an example of a land-based empire using architecture to reinforce its power

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church; overall, decision made to keep doctrine but end practices such as selling indulgences; renewed emphasis of spreading Catholic Christianity through the New World through the Jesuits

Major organizing body to drive the Counter Reformation. Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

A model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam; may have served as a model for warriors who participated in the rise of the Gunpowder Empires