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Sociology: Gender Roles - Key Sociologists & Views

This is a quiz based on Key Sociologists & Views regarding the AQA A-Level Gender Roles topic in Sociology. Below are the words which need to be matched to their definitions: Elizabeth Bott (1957) Ann Oakley (1982) Young and Willmott (1957) Duncombe and Marsden (1995) Jonathan Gershuny (1983) Pahl and Vogler (1994) Elaine Kempson (1994) Gershuny and Laurie (2000) Feminist Perspective Postmodernist Perspective
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Last updated: June 26, 2023
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First submittedMay 11, 2023
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Jonathan Gershuny (1983)
This sociologist coined the concept called 'Relative Resources Theory':
-The more a woman earns, the more likely she is to experience equality in the home - her status is relative to the resources she contributes.
Elizabeth Bott (1957)
This sociologist defined 2 ways that conjugal roles might be organised:
-Segregated conjugal roles: the couple have separate roles - a male breadwinner and a female homemaker; their leisure activities also tend to be separate.
-Joint conjugal roles: the couples share tasks such as housework and childcare and spend their leisure time together.
-Impact of social change on geographical and social mobility - what factors start leading to change within the family?
Ann Oakley (1982)
This feminist sociologist used feminist interviewing - more empathetic approach, through the usage of unstructured interviews, in which she developed a rapport with subjects and offered guidance. This was a reaction to cold and clinical research. She conducted this in the late 1970s to the early 1980s, where she investigated the nuclear family:
-She argued 'symmetry is a myth'.
-She defined the conventional family as "nuclear families composed of legally married couples, voluntarily choosing parenthood of one or more children".
-Cereal packet family: image of a normal family that was portrayed in TV adverts and soap operas at the time.
-Conventional family acted as a form of social control (male = earner, female = caregiver), but was being challenged in the early 1980s, as more saw the conventional family as a stereotype which was archaic (women went into paid employment, delay of marriage and childbirth, but dual burden of paid employment and domestic labour).
Under the conventional family:
-Societal expectations of getting married and having children.
-Male was the primary wage-earner and the female was the primary care-giver.
-Social pressures to conform repressed women's career ambitions and alternative forms of relationships and personal lifestyles.
-Women perform a 'dual burden'.

Evaluations of this sociologist:
-Highlighted changing patterns in family life, noted movement away from traditional ideas of gender roles in the family.
-Gave a voice to women.
-Examined ways in which social control impacts on their experiences.
-Examined reasons for changing social attitudes, challenged long-held assumptions.
-Methodology makes her research highly subjective - based on interpretations.
-Chester (functionalist) argued functions of the conventional family had changed, but structure remained intact.
Elaine Kempson (1994)
This sociologist found that women from low-income families often denied their own needs (for example, eating less, even skipping meals) to make ends meet.
Postmodernist Perspective
They argue that the 'pick 'n' mix' society we live in allows much more flexibility in our gender identities.
Duncombe and Marsden (1995)
These sociologists say that women do a 'triple shift' of paid work, housework and emotion work.
Gershuny and Laurie (2000)
These sociologists found that by 1995, 70% of couples say they have an equal role in decision-making, but more likely when women are high-earners/professionals.
Feminist Perspective
They say that inequality in relation to money is ingrained as part of the culture (patriarchal society).
Young and Willmott (1957)
These functionalist sociologists conducted research into family life in East London in the 1950s and early 1970s using large scale social surveys.
Stratified diffusion: changes in norms and values start among the wealthier in society and pass down to the lower classes.
They suggested family moved through a series of stages and predicted how family life would be organised in future generations, they developed an idea of the family developing through a number of stages through history - a march of progress:
-Stage 1: Pre-industrial family, based in rural areas and worked in agriculture. Operated together, as a unit of production.
-Stage 2: Early industrial family, industrial revolution, urban areas, new industries (manufacturing), unit of consumption, extended family networks, male and female time = separate, men work, women care for family.
-Stage 3: Symmetrical family, greater prosperity in post-war period, self-sufficient nuclear families, men and women shared leisure time, conjugal roles developed, but a division of tasks was still gender based. Male and female employment, but still based on gender stereotypes.
-Stage 4: Asymmetrical family, they predicted it would move down to working-class. Rich families had segregated conjugal roles, women employed helpers in home and they spent leisure time apart. There would be a limited application to current social hierarchy, particularly working-class families.

Evaluations of these sociologists:
-Feminists criticised the title of the symmetrical family. Women suffered a dual burden and triple shift of paid employment, domestic labour and emotional support of the family.
-The principle of stratified diffusion has limited application to society - as income inequality grows, lower classes cannot afford to access opportunities the same way the upper classes can.
-Their views didn't take into account the greater diversity of family types that were present outside of the nuclear family.
Pahl and Vogler (1994)
These sociologists identified 3 ways of controlling family income:
-Allowance system: where men give their wives an allowance out of which they must budget to meet the family's needs, with the man retaining any surplus income for himself.
-Pooling: where a couple share their income, as well as both hold responsibility for it, usually in a joint bank account.
-Individualisation: where the increasing rapidity of social change and greater uncertainty force individuals to spend more time and effort on what choices to make in their daily lives, and where they have to accept greater individual responsibility for the consequences of those choices.
-Despite growing individualisation in relation to finances, this is very dependent on equality in terms of paid employment.
-In many households today, men are still the major earners, putting women in a position of economic dependence.
-Men are more likely than women to have the final say on financial decisions.
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