Question
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Answer
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Name a currently used inhaled anaesthetic?
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Nitrous oxide Isoflurane Desflurane Sevoflurane (used in maintenance of GA, extremely fast onset and offset) Halothane
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Name an injected anaesthetic?
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Thiopental Ketamine Propofol Diazepam
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Nitrous oxide (administration)
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Inhaled agent very weak anaesthetic MAC greater than 100% extremely high plasma solubility
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Propofol
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IV Barbiturate hypnotic most commonly used agent short acting
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Name 2 possible targets of general anaesthetics
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Lipid membrane
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Name 2 possible targets of general anaesthetics
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Proteins
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Diclofenac
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NSAID used in GA
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What happens in stage 4 anaesthesia?
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Overdose
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What happens in stage 3 anaesthesia?
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“surgical anaesthesia” muscles relax
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What drug is most commonly used in the UK?
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Propofol
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What can reverse neuromuscular blocking?
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors e.g. neostigmine, physostigmine
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Side effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors include:
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Pro-muscarinic effects bradycardia hypotension hypersecretion bronchoconstriction GI tract hypermobility decreased intraocular pressure
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What are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used for?
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Myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer’s, Glaucoma,
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Vasoconstrictors are used in order to control systemic what?
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Vasodilation (helps prevent hypotension and hypothermia induced by excessive cooling)
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The mechanism of action of the vasoconstrictors
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A1 activation
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Parasympatholytics (muscarinic antagonist) are applied in order to control what?
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Reduces PSNS activity Reduces salivation Reduces respiratory tract secretion e.g. glycopyrrolate
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Active warming is used to manage what?
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The loss of thermoregulatory control through peripheral vasodilation (causes cooling)
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What is used to reverse the effects of a neuromuscular blocker and what is used to prevent the effects of this reverser?
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Acetylcholinesterase e.g. neostigmine and physostigmine. Muscarinic antagonist
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Short acting local anaesthetics are used during GA to (+ examples)
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Reduce post-operative pain. Lidocaine bupivacaine
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Codeine
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Centrally acting opiate used for analgesic effect
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Morphine
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Opiate analgesic used as adjuvant in general anaesthesia. Produces respiratory depression and hypothermia. U opioid receptor agonist
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Ondansetron
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Antiemetic blocks 5HT3 receptor Centrally (deactivates vomiting centre in medulla oblongata) peripherally (blocks receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone)
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Temazepam
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Anxiolytic
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Diclofenac
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NSAID used in GA
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