Sentinel cells

Sentinel cells play a major role in sensing damage and infection, there are three key one, mast cells, macrophages and what third?

They express pattern recognition receptors to recognise what molecules?

One specific PRR is Toll Like Receptor 4, what is the specific ligand that it recognises?

What specific type of bacteria is this ligand found in the membrane of?

How many functional TLR genes do humans have?

Two downstream molecules are normally activate when TLRs are NF kappaB is one whats the other?

Odd numbered TLRs are not found on the cell surface, so where are they found?

There are other families of PRR, which are important in fungal infections?

And which are important in viral infections?

Finally which recognise cytosolic molecules?

NOD2 is a type of PRR what disease is associated with mutations in it?

Sometimes the cytosolic receptors link together to form a polymer, which can be used to activate caspase 1 which then activates IL-1beta, what is the name of the polymer?

What is the group name given to cytokines that induce fever?

What cytokine is a major example of this and also induces the acute phase response?

What is another example of one, that increases vascular permeability, but if systemically released may acumulate to shock?