Social Psychology

Hint

Answer

The sense of having a distinct identity; of being apart from other people and things:

Cognitive structure by which we organize knowledge, belief, past experience:

Characteristic emotional thought and behavior patterns; consistent over time:

Compare with others to learn about myself, We prefer to compare against similar others:

Compare with others to inspire myself to do better. o Highly goal-motivated, competitive people likely to make upward comparisons, but upward comparisons can be threatening rather than inspiring:

Compare with others to feel better about myself.

Locus of Control: Your life is controlled by chance or outside forces

Locus of Control: You are the master of your fate

Knowledge of a group membership. Value and emotional significance of that group membership:

Feeling of competency on a task:

greater persistence, less anxiety, less depression:

People’s evaluations of their own worth: that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent:

Directions: Compare with others who are better

Directions: Compare with others who are worse

Directions: Compare with others who are about the same

When explaining the behavior of others, we attribute their behavior to internal factors and we ignore external factors. We overestimate the influence of personality. We underestimate the power of the situation:

Our judgment of objects or people may change depending on what we compare them to:

The way a problem is framed can greatly affect decisions. In decision making, whether a proposition is presented (or framed) in such that it appears to represent the potential for a loss or a gain:

Stereotypes, beliefs, mood. A procedure or frequently activated are more likely to come to mind and thus will be used in interpreting social events. Has a major impact on the attitudes and behavior of many people- even of seasoned professionals in life-and-death situations in the real world. For brief periods, at least, we can “become” whomever or whatever pops into our mind:

The more reasons we can come up with for a behavior, the less certain we are of any single reason:

When inhibitory causes are present, we become more certain of our facilitative cause:

More likely to make dispositional attributions:

As observers, we commit the Fundamental Attribution Error. As actors, we explain our own behavior using situational attributions:

Beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment. The processes by which expectations or stereotypes lead people to treat others in a way that makes them confirm their expectations. Occurs when we act on our initial impressions of others in a way that makes their behavior conform to those impressions:

Expectations lead to behavior that causes others to confirm expectations:

the tendency for neutral and irrelevant information to weaken a judgment or impression:

Order of information shapes judgment of others:

More likely to make situational attributions:

The tendency to seek confirmation of initial impressions or beliefs:

Explaining others’ behavior. When an ordinary person attempts to explain someone else’s behavior:

Internal. Actors who saw themselves from the observer’s point of view were more likely to explain their own behavior:

External. Observers who saw the world from the point of view of the actors were more likely to explain behavior:

The actor’s behavior. Does he/she always behave in this manner, in other situations, and at other times?

Compared to other situations. Is he or she the only one to behave in this manner?

compared to other people. Do others behave in the same way in the same situation?

A tendency for individuals to make dispositional attributions for their successes and situational attributions for their failures:

Overestimate likelihood of good things happening. Underestimate likelihood of bad things happening:

We think we’re better than average in important, subjective, socially desirable things (downward comparison):

We over estimate how much others agree with us (lateral comparison):

Take credit for successes but blame someone or something for failures:

When our attitudes are weak or unclear, the acts we freely commit give us clues about how strongly we feel:

Start out doing it for love (intrinsic motivation), Get paid for it, Attribute to reward (extrinsic motivation):

We feel tension when two simultaneously accessible cognitions are psychologically inconsistent. We are motivated to reduce this tension. Motivation is especially strong when self-concept is threatened:

Moral, Competent, Able to predict our own behavior:

Personal responsibility and choice means decisions can produce dissonance. Upgrade chosen option and downgrade unchosen one:

Not attended to, activated without conscious awareness:

a general bias in which a favorable or unfavorable general impression of a person affects our inferences and future expectations about that person:

Attended to, acknowledged, stated:

Many everyday behaviors are automatic (habit), Salient attitudes, Experience=Stronger attitudes:

Theory of Planned Behavior:

We fit into a role- play the behaviors expected as part of that role- and become the role:

Compliance with small request= compliance with large request:

Evaluative reaction toward something or someone. Favorable or unfavorable feeling, thought, or action (evaluative reaction). A special type of belief that is emotional and evaluative components; in a sense, an attitude is a stored evaluation- good or bad- of an object:

Behavior that is directed toward harming other living beings motivated to avoid harm. Any form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment:

Aggression is the goal. Intentional harm done for the purpose of inflicting harm (ex. A jealous man kills his wife and her lover):

A means to an end. Intentional harm for purpose other than the desire to inflict harm. (ex. Prison warden executes a criminal, A hunter kills an animal for a trophy):

Amygdala, Testosterone (affects physical aggression, Relational aggression), Alcohol, Pain and discomfort:

Grandiose view of personal superiority, Inflated sense of entitlement, Low empathy toward others, Linked with high but unstable self-esteem:

Frustration (blocking a goal-directed behavior) triggers a readiness to aggress. May displace- Redirect aggression toward a safer or more socially acceptable target. Explains hostile aggression:

Arises from social comparison. Perception that one is less well-off than others:

Pain, Provocation, Heat

Weapons, Violent media

Lessened response to exposure

Ways of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from culture:

Aggression is reduced by 'releasing' aggressive energy. Doesn't work.

A mental shortcut; it is a simple, often only approximate, rule or strategy for solving a problem:

We focus on the similarity of one object to another to infer that the first object acts like the second one:

Refers to judgments based on how easy it is for us to bring specific examples to mind:

A group with which we do not identify; the members of which we tend to see as being all the same:

Our group, the one with which we identify and feel we belong:

Our tendency (usually erroneous) to overestimate our powers of prediction once we know the outcome of a given event: