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Hint
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Answer
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1
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By Right of Conquest, ruling over Rumelia and having taken Constantinople
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Ottoman Empire
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2
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Via the marriage of a East Roman Princess into the ruling family
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Russian Empire/Muscovy
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3
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On his deathbed, Constantine I supposedly granted the Western Empire to this state
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Papal States/ Vatican City
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4
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Restored the Western Roman Empire to its "former glory", received the title directly from (3), and claimed the title as the current ERE ruler was female and therefore not an Emperor.
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Carolingian Empire
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5
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Ruled over a sizable portion of the lands owned by (4) in Germany, claimed to be a continuation of (4).
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Holy Roman Empire
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6
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As a spiritual and defacto restoration of (5). ruling over much of its heartland
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German Empire
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7
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As another successor to (5) , ruled by the same dynasty and from the same seat as the last dynasty to rule (5)
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Austro-Hungarian Empire
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8
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Founded by exiled members of the Komneni Dynasty of the Eastern Roman Empire
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Empire of Trebizond
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9
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Tied itself to Rome through its location and via ethnonationalist propaganda
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Italian Empire
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10
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By right of conquest, having conquered Constantinople following the Fourth Crusade
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Latin Empire
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11
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By right of conquest, having conquered most of Anatolia
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Sultanate of Rum
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12
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Ruled by the brother of the last Byzantine Emperor
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Despotate of (the) Morea
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13
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By right of conquest, having conquered Macedonia and Thessaly
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Serbian Empire
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14
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By right of conquest, having conquered large parts of Macedonia, Moesia, and Greece
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Bulgarian Empire
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15
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Rump empire ruled by a rival claimant to the Western Empire after the Western Empire collapsed and the seat was vacant
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Empire of Nepos
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16
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Set up on an island by a rival claimant to the Byzantine throne in 1185
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Kingdom of Cyprus
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17
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As a continuation of Byzantine government in western Greece/Albania
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Despotate of Epirus
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18
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In national legends, the first ruler conquered the Western Empire and received the title of Roman Emperor
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Kingdom of England
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19
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As a warlord state ruled by ethnic Latins in Northern France, and a localized continuation of "Roman" rule
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Kingdom of Soissons
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20
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Ruler bought the title of Roman (Byzantine) Emperor from the son of the induvidual named in (12)
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Kingdom of France
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21
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Short-lived unrecognized republic created in the Revolutions of 1848. Tied itself to Rome through location and ethnonationalist propoganda
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Roman Republic(1849)
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22
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Second country that received claim on Byzantine Empire from son of induvidual named in (12) in that induviduals last will.
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Spanish Empire
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23
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Continuation of Byzantine rule in the Crimean Peninsula
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Principality of Theodoro
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24
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Tied itself to the Byzantine Empire through ethnonationalist propaganda, in particular, the Megali Idea
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Kingdom of Greece
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25
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As a continuation of Latin/Moorish rule in Morocco following the collapse of the western Empire.
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Mauro-Roman Kingdom
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26
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As a pseudo-continuation of Latin/Moorish rule in remote parts of Tunisia.
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Kingdom of the Aures
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Also added France and Spain. I do find it kind of funny how Andreas Paleologios first sold his pretender claim to be the rightful heir to the Byzantine Empire to France, then handed the title out again in his last will to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.
I did not include a few maybes. Someone might be able to make the argument that by trying to wrap themselves in Roman imperial styles and do everything except declare themselves Emperor, that Ostrogothic Italy should be on here, but I argue that as they accepted the Byzantine Emperor as the rightful Emperor, that acting in the duties of an Emperor and wearing imperial clothing is not enough for them to count.
With these, I decided that they do not directly claim to be Roman, but rather just the inheritors of the previous state. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary were included, even with that convoluted relationship as the title of Kaiser/Emperor is a direct descendent of the title of Roman Emperor, meaning a stronger connection to Rome in my mind. A bit arbitrary, but I had to draw the line somewhere.
I did consider adding states that broke away prior to the fall of Rome, in particular the Palmyrene Empire and Gallic Empire, but I then decided if I did that, an argument could be made to add a bunch of random short lived Roman Empires created by would be Emperors. The rump empire ruled by Julius Nepos gets a pass as it lasted a couple of years longer than the Western Empire
Wouldn't it be western Greece in #17.
Also could you accept Syagrius as Type-In for #19? I know that it's not really a name for the country, but i mainly know it as predecessor of Frankish Rule in that area and heard of Syagrius before (unlike his father Aegidius), but i never heard the names Kingdom of Soissons or Kingdom of the Romans.
Edit: Also added Syagrius, given that I misspelled the name.
In fact, the constitution of the Roman Republic was absolutely advanced for his time, it foresaw, for example, religious freedom, universal suffrage, and the abolition of capital punishment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic_(1849)