Biology 100 final

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Last updated: December 4, 2017

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First submitted	November 27, 2017
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Definition	Term
2. Viruses from other animals spread to humans	contact between species
3. viruses spread from isolated human population to larger human population	spread
harvest the energy from sunlight but gets their carbon atoms from organic molecules	chemoautotrophs
rod shaped prokaryotic bacteria, may also be threadlike, or filaments	bacilli
the longer and more flexible spiral prokaryotic bacteria	spirochetes
spherical prokaryotic cells , sometimes occur in chains that are called steptococci	cocci
help prokaryotes move in their environment; protein tails that rotate like a propeller	Flagella
the second stage of binary division, the cell is elongated and the copies are moved	elongated
an infectious particle consisting of a little bit of nucleic acid	virus
hairlike projections that enable prokaryotes to stick to their substrate or surface or each other	fimbriae
DNA or RNA can be present in animal viruses, but mist plant viruses are made up of _____.	RNA
3 processes that contribute to viral disease	bleh
more complex cell walls containing less peptidoglycan and protective outer membrane- more likely to cause disease, turns pink under the microscope	Gram- negative
1. RNA viruses ______ rapidly.	Mutation
proteins secreted by bacteria cells, some of the most powerful toxins	exotoxins
A set of defenses that is activated only after exposure to specific antigens	Adaptive/ Acquired immunity
process of dividing the prokaryote in half	binary fission
white blood cells that are responsible for the production of antibodies	lymphocytes
composed of a harmless varriant or part of a disease cause microbe, such as inactivated bacterial toxin	vaccine
spiral prokaryote shaped like a corkscrew, rigid and short spirals	spirilla
when the bacteria becomes resistant to the antibiotics	antibiotic resistance
thrive in very salty places	extreme halophiles
simpler cell walls containing a thick layer of peptidoglycan, turns purple under the microscope	gram-positive
covers the cell wall of many prokaryotes, made up of a sticky layer of protein	capsule
any molecule that causes an adaptive immune response	antigen
obtain energy from sunlight, but get their carbon atoms from organic molecules	photoheterotrophs
components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, released when the cell dies or is digested by a defensive cell	endotoxins
occurs upon the first exposure to the antigen, slower	primary immune response
the first stage of binary fission, the chromosome is duplicated and the copies are seperated	duplication

Definition	Term
obtain energy from sunlight and use carbon dioxide for carbon	photoautotrophs
the third stage of binary fission, the cell is divided into two daughter cells	division
immune proteins produced when the immune system detects an antigen	antibodies
a thick protective coat that can dehydrate and is tolerant of extreme and harsh conditions	endospores
the use of organisms to remove pollutants from the soild, air or water	bioremediation
harnesses the energy stored in chemicals- provides energy to prokaryotes	chemotrophs
thrive in very hot water, such as geysers and acid pools	extreme thermophiles
live in anaerobic (no oxygen) enviroments and give off methane as a water product from the digestive tracts of cattle and deer	methanogens
the secondary exposure to the antigen, faster than the primary	secondary immune response
how adaptive immunity can be obtained by the administration of a vaccine	vaccination
possible explanation for an observation	Hypothesis
potential outcome of an experiment based on hypothesis	prediction
provide energy and come in different forms	sugars
single/simple sugar	monosaccharides
many sugars bonded together	polysaccharides
fats	lipids
	phospholipids
	steroids
provide energy, insulation, form plasma membrane, form hormones	fats
made up of amino acids,, building blocks	proteins
speed up chemical reactions	enztmes
form structuarl parts of the cell	proteins
bacteria and archaea, not complex	prokaryote
everything thats not a prokaryote, more complex	eukaryote
only present in bacteria and plant cells	cell wall
only present in plants	chloroplast
not present in bacteria	nucleus
present in all cells	cell membrane