APWH U5

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies; it emphasized reason and the scientific method; writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion; many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God

An Enlightenment concept; an agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed; popular in the 16th to 18th centuries among theorists such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as a means of explaining the origin of government and the obligations of subjects

Rights granted to all people by nature or God that cannot be denied or restricted by any government or individual; are often said to be granted to people by "natural law"; often discussed by Enlightenment thinker John Locke

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property; this ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes

The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country; it further aims to build and maintain a single national identity -- based on shared social characteristics such as culture, language, religion, politics, and belief in a shared singular history -- and to promote national unity or solidarity

The belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men; became popular during the Enlightenment

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women; wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, a famous feminist document in 1792

The right to vote in political elections

Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; helped create a workforce for the industrialization of Russia and the creation of factories

1776 statement issued by the Second Continental Congress in the British colonies; explained why the colonies wanted independence from Britain, primarily borrowing ideas from Enlightenment philosophes like John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau

Adopted in late 1789, it was a statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution

A document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views of three independence movements in South America and connected the actions of revolutionaries to the beliefs of the Enlightenment

Took place during the later stages of the French Revolution; thousands were executed for "disloyalty" for betraying the ideas of the Revolution; led by Maximilian Robespierre who tried the rebels and had them executed often by guillotine

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

Was an important leader in the Haitian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again over the institution of slavery, he led the Black forces to victory over the colonial forces and allies and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator

Practical politics; the ends justified the means, power is more important than principles; utilized by Otto von Bismarck to unify Germany

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 to 1871, when he became the Chancellor of Germany; a conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) in order to create a sense of national unity; assisted German unification in 1871

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in England around 1750

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory; commonly found before the Industrial Revolution; work was highly skilled and valued, but fell out of favor with the growth of the factory system when merchants could better control production

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; replaced localized cottage industry; workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce; decreased the need for skilled labor and led to exploitation of workers

Created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields and population growth

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production by speeding up the creation of textiles; conceived around 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil; utilized during the Second Agricultural Revolution and lead to an increased crop yields and a growing population

Consolidation and privatization of small landholdings/common lands into a smaller number of large farms in England around 1700; contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization as farmers were displaced and needed to find work in the cities

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion; Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712; James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s; it was then applied to transportation methods which increased transportation distance and decreased transportation costs

(1871-1914) Involved development of steel, electrical, chemical, and oil industries (SECO); mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing; it saw the popularization of cinema and radio; provided widespread employment and increased production.

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire; it was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century; he ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions; his descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952

In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure

Scottish economist who wrote 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics

Hands-off approach to economic development; the government should limit its interference in the economy

A business that operates in several different countries but in one specific country (headquarters); two companies include the United Fruits Company and HSBC

Lower class created during the 18th century with the onset of the Industrial Revolution; often experienced poor living and working conditions

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers; rose to wealth and prominence during the Industrial Revolution

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in cities as opposed to the countryside

1818-1883; 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary; often recognized as the father of communism; analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism; believed in a classless society

A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

An economic theory which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole; also advocates for high tax rates on the wealthy to provide gov't social programs to help the poor

Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

A coalition in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire; it was against monarchy of the Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution; in 1908, they succeeded in establishing a new constitutional era

A late 19th century movement in which the Chinese under the Qing Dynasty attempted to modernize their army and encourage Western investment in factories and railways

Established in 1865 to finance trade between Europe and Asia; initially founded in the British colony of Hong Kong; it benefited from the opening of China to trade, including the opium trade

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members; popularized after worker exploitation common after the Industrial Revolution

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion...arose as a reaction to the growth of 18th century Enlightenment beliefs

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

"Renewal, to be born" movement in Italy to recreate a strong, unified Italian nation-state...resulted in the unification of the Italian peninsula in one political state by 1870

Identification with the Ottoman Empire as opposed to nationalist movements happening inside of the empire to try to break up its territory...sought to implement reforms in order to preserve the empire

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by horse or water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically, thereby increasing the need for consumer goods because of longer lifespans...helped lead to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role and helped it begin to transport goods and troops more efficiently across the Asian continent

A commodore in the American navy; Arrived in Japan in 1853 seeking new economic relationships; He forced Japan into opening its doors to trade, thus brining western influence to Japan while showing American might.

A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods; grew during the Industrial Revolution due to the rise in disposable income, the growth of the middle class, and the rise in average lifespan

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views; hypothesized that the working class (proletariat) would violently overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a workers' paradise that featured equality and lack of economic status

Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s; believed in utilitarianism - the government should do the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

Separate legal courts established by different religious communities...regulated as a part of the Tanzimat Reforms as a means to bring the Ottoman Empire under the realm of Enlightenment-based reforms

Conservative Chinese monarch who opposed the reforms of the 19th century in China; imprisoned the emperor and repealed reforms in an attempt to reject western influence; feared the influence of foreigners and rejected new technologies; eventually realized that reforms were needed by the end of her rule, but her conservatism did not allow the Qing Dynasty to make the necessary reforms to survive

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

A description characterizing lower-level professional and management workers and some highly skilled laborers in technical jobs; members of the bourgeoisie that grew in stature during the Second Industrial Revolution