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Drugs that treat Asthma
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what are the 3 types of sympathomimetics used to treat asthma?
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what is an example of each?
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what is their mechanism of action?
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short acting
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salbutamol, terbutaline, etc
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activation of b2 receptors relaxes smooth muscle in the airways (bronchodilation), without affecting inflammation
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long acting
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salmetrol, bambuterol, etc
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ultra long acting
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carmoterol, indacaterol, etc
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what kind of drugs are xanthines?
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what is an example?
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what is their mechanism of action?
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naturally occurring stimulants
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theophylline, aminophylline
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phosphodiesterase inhibitors: competitive enzyme inhibition results in sustained elevation of cAMP or cGMP resulting in bronchodilation
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what is the one anticholinergic drug used in Australia to treat asthma?
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what is its mechanism of action?
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ipratropium
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works as a non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist to: - decrease Ach-mediated bronchospasms - reduce irritant-induced mucus secretion - increase ciliary clearance |
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what is an example of a corticosteroid used to treat asthma?
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what is their mechanism of action?
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fluticasone, prednisolone, etc
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they bind to the glucocorticoid receptor to up-regulate expression of several anti-inflammatory proteins as well as down-regulate pro-inflammatory proteins
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what are the leukotriene antagonists used to treat asthma?
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what is the mechanism of action of each of these?
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zileuton
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blocks the generation of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase
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monteleukast, zafirleukast, & pranleukast
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they inhibit cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (cysLT1), blocking the action of leukotriene D4
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what kind of drugs are cromolyn & nedocromil?
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what do they do?
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mast cell stabilisers
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prevent the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine
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what kind of molecule is omalizumab?
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what is its mechanism of action?
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what does this do to mast cells?
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what is omalizumab used to treat?
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a recombinant-derived monoclonal antibody
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it binds to immunoglobulin E (IgE) and reduces binding of IgE to its receptor on the surface of basophils, mast cells and dendritic cells
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it limits the degranulation of mast cells, thereby reducing release of pro-inflammatory mediators involved in the allergic response
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allergic asthma
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allergic rhinitis
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Drugs that treat Allergic Rhinitis
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what are the nasal decongestants used to treat allergic rhinitis?
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what is their mechanism of action?
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phenylephrine
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they are a1-adrenergic receptor agonists that cause vasoconstriction and increase mucociliary clearance, therefore decreasing airway resistance
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pseudoephedrine
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what are the types of antihistamines used to treat allergic rhinitis?
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what is an example of these?
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what receptors do they act on?
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what is their mechanism of action?
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1st generation
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chlorphenamine, mepyramine, etc
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selective for peripheral H1 receptors
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they act on peripheral H1 histamine receptors (in mast cells, endothelium and smooth muscle) to reduce the symptoms of allergic rhinitis
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2nd generation
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loratadine, fexophenadine, etc
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act on central H1 receptors
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Drugs that treat Cough
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what are the drugs that treat cough?
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what are their postulated mechanisms of action?
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dextromethorphan
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binds to sigma receptors in the cough centre of the brain
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codeine
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thought to activate μ and k opioid receptors in the cough centre of the brain
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pholcodine
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thought to activate μ and k opioid receptors in the cough centre of the brain
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Drugs that treat COPD
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what drugs are used to treat COPD?
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b-adrenergic agonists
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corticosteroids
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ipratropium
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