Hint
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Answer
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THE BUDDHA Theravada belief about the nature of the Buddha
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historical and non contactable, teacher not god
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Therevada belief about images of the Buddha
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reminders of the buddha and help focus of spiritual qualities
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Theravada belief about the Buddha as a role model
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a principle rather than a person and has authority as an advanced spiritual being
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Denise Kush quote of nirvana and the buddha
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the buddha gave us the map to nirvana but we must get there ourselves
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Mahayana belief about nature of the Buddha
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remains active and can be accessed through meditations and visions
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Mahayana belief about images of the Buddha
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images are "infused with the power of the being they represent"
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compassion
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karuna
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buddhist belief about compassion
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compassion for all living things not just humans
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skilful means
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upaya kusala
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unskilful means
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akusala
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mahayana sutra about upaya kusala
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parable of the burning house
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the wisest disciple of the buddha in therevadan tradition
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sariputra
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mahayana attitude towards him
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believe he is the voice of the inferior tradition
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presentation of him in the lotus sutra
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counterpoint to the wisdom of the teacher
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the buddha teaching about skilful means
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adapt teachings to suit the receiver
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3 refuges definition
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the buddha the dharma the sangha
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3 refuges explanation
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sources of authority for all buddhists
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SUFFERING
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dukka
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quote about suffering and clinging
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categories affected by clinging are suffering
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Buddhist scripture the quote is from
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samyutta nikaya
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4 sights
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what the buddha saw when he left the palace old man, sick man, dead man , holy man
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4 noble truths
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what the buddha realized from the 4 sights
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desires
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tanha
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first noble truth
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all life involves suffering
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fourth noble truth
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the way to overcome suffering is the eightfold path
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3 types of dukka
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dukka dukka, viparmina dukka, sankara dukka
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first meaning
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plain suffering like childbirth,grief,death
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second
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suffering as a result of change and transience of life
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third
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suffering due to conditioned existence, subtle and fundamental
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PALI CANON
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tipitaka
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definition of canon
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a collection of scriptures that hold authority
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description of pali canon
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a collection of Buddhist scriptures that contain teachings of the buddha
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significance of pali canon for therevada buddhists
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holds more significance than it does for other sects
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split into 3 sections
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vinaya pitaka sutta pitaka abhidhamma pitaka
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role of first
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contains rules and regulations for monks and nuns 227 for monks 311 for nuns
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role of second
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contains stories and teachings of gotama buddha
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significance of the second section in relation to the buddha
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it is buddhavacana which means word or doctrine of the buddha
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role of third
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contains philosophical discourses and scholarly commentary
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importance of the pali canon
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insight into core teachings, used in worship and recitals, gives guidance in daily life
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limits of the pali canon
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outdated sexist abhidhamma not accessible oral tradition limited scope 45 years
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pali canon and sutras are specific to different tradtions
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pali canon = therevada sutras= mahayana
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TRIKAYA mahayanan buddology
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the trikaya doctrine
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trikaya defintion
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three bodies of the buddha
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3 manifestations
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nirmanakaya sambhogakaya dharmakaya
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nirmanakaya translation
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form body or transformation body
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nirmanakaya definition
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the physical manifestation of an enlightened being seen in physical form of the 5 aggregates
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nirmanakaya example
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the historical buddha was already enlightened and chose to take on human form
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nirmanakaya explanation
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buddhas show living beings the path to enlightenment as an act of compassion
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sambhogakaya translation
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enjoyment body
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sambhogakaya definition
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the dimension of energy and light in which enlightened beings can choose to dwell
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sambhogakaya example
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sukhavati pure land of amitaba
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sambhogakaya explanation
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spiritual body which mahayana buddhists can pray to
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dharmakaya translation
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truth body or dharma body
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dharmakaya definition
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the complete realisation of truth and reality
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dharmakaya example
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buddhas description as tathagata - one who has become the dharma
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dharmakaya explanation
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pure, formless and within everything but we cannot perceive it as we are stuck in delusioned reality
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the therevada tradition only accepts one of the trikaya to be true
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nirmanakaya
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ANICCA
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impermanence
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buddhist belief about impermanence
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everything in existence is impermanent
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common symbol for impermanence
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flowers
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buddhist belief about change
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happens on 2 levels, gross and momentary
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gross level of change definition
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change that is obvious seasons weather decay
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momentary level of change definition
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imperceptible subtle change
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quote about impermanence
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all conditioned things are impermanent
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scripture the quote is from
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dhammapada
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the three marks of existence
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dukka anicca anatta
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importance of anicca
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when we forget anicca, we become attached which causes dukka
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the relationship between nirvana and anicca
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understanding anicca is necessary to achieve nirvana, but nirvana is the only thing unaffected by anicca
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mahayana development of anicca
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concept of sunyata emptiness
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mahayana belief on what types of emptiness are
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emptiness of self, emptiness of all phenomena , supreme emptiness
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emptiness of independent self means?
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all sentient beings are interconnected
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emptiness of all phenomena means?
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all things lack an independent self not just sentient beings
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supreme emptiness
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nirvana
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the understanding that all things are not independent of each other
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dependent origination
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qualities of the self
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impermanent and conditioned
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what does acceptance of impermanent self stop?
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clinging and craving to 5 aggregates
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and this helps us reach?
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nirvana
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Indian scholar that founded the middle way philosophy
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nagarjuna
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middle way philosophy description
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middle way between believing things really exist and nothing exists
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ultimate truths of the middle way
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emptiness and interdependence
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NIRVANA nirvana literal translation
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extinguishing
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refers to extinguishing the fires of the 3 poisons which are?
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greed hatred ignorance
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Buddhist belief about perception of nirvana
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beyond human perception
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therevada buddhists believe in 2 types of nirvana
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nirvana and parinirvana
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nirvana definition
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in life with residue
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nirvana is achieved but what remains?
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physical body
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what does this mean in terms of karma?
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no karmic seeds but yes karmic results
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parinirvana definition
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after death no residue
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parinirvana means person is free from (1)?
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the last fruit of karma (body)
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(2)?
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the cycle of samsara
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goal of the therevada buddhist
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parinirvana
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why?
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ultimate liberation and freedom from samsara
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goal of the mahayana buddhist
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become a bodhisattva
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why?
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to help others achieve enlightenment
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by choosing to do what?
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continue in the cycle of samsara
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mahayana belief about karma and bodhisattvas
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they are free from karma
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so they are able to?
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use their bodhicitta to choose their rebirth
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positive metaphors for nirvana (1)
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relieves fever of passions
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(2)
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medicine that puts an end to all suffering
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negative descriptions of nirvana
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extinction cessation
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Buddhist text that deals with the nature of nirvana
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80th dilemma of king milinda
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written as a dialogue between king milinda and a buddhist philosopher
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nagasena
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king milinda ask nagasena to?
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explain nirvana
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nagasena says this is?
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impossible
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nagasena proceeds to use analogies to describe qualities of nirvana (1)
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as the lotus is untarnished by water nirvana is untarnished by evil dispositions
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(2)
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like cool water that removes the heat and thirst of desire
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mahayana buddhist belief about nirvana and samsara
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both exist within the framework of the two truths
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the two truths
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conventional truth and ultimate truth
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ultimate truth on nirvana and samsara
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they are empty of independent nature and therefore share the same nature
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conventional truth on nirvana and samsara
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they are different and are defined as opposites
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Nagarjuna quote about nirvana and samsara
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there is not the slightest difference between the two
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mahayana buddhist view on nirvana and buddhahood
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nirvana is a temporary goal on the road to full buddhahood
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parable to explain mahayana concept of two stages of nirvana
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parable of the phantom city
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mahayana concept of nirvana and buddhahood
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it is within everyone
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meaning that nirvana is?
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fundamentally accessible to all
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nirvana key definition in the mahayana tradition
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freedom from samsara attained through the realisation of anatta
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buddhahood in the mahayana tradition
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development of nirvana
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in relation to anatta?
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realisation that anatta extends to all phenomena
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in relation to sunyata?
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realisation that sunyata is in the nature of all things
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mahayana sutra concerning fundamental emptiness
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the heart sutra
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MEANING OF LIFE therevadan buddhist purpose of life
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become an arhat
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arhat literal translation
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worthy one
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buddha quote about arhats
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an arhat is free from moral defilements
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what is an arhat ?
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perfected person who has overcome the 3 poisons
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arhats and rebirth
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arhats will no longer be reborn when dead
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the pali canon recognizes 4 stages to becoming an arhat
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stream enterer, once returner, non returner , arhat
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stream enterer description
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seen the dhamma, first direct insight into selflessness, dropped the 3 fetters
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3 ties (fetters)
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attachment to self view, attachment to rites and doubt about the buddha
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once returner description
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partially enlightened person, has weakened the fourth and fifth fetters
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4ht and 5th ties
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sensual desire and ill will
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non returner description (in relation to the ties)
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first 5 ties cut off but higher 5 ties remain
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non returner description cont.
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the worst hindrances like hatred and greed drop away but a trace of self remains
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arhat (worthy one)
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path is complete any residual trace of self falls away
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meaning arhats have overcome what?
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the 10 fetters
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the nature of the arhat path
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solitary journey
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mahayana buddhist ultimate aim
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full buddhahood
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a bodhisattva is?
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a person dedicated to attaining perfect buddahood to compassionately help others
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a bodhisattva combines the qualities of?
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prajna karuna kusala
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wisdom
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prajna
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compassion
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karuna
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skilful means
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upaya kusala
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mahayana belief about who has buddha nature
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all sentinet beings
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The buddha nature needs stimulation to begin the bodhisattva path
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arising of bodhicitta
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bodhicitta translation
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awakening mind
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bodhicitta commitment
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they are dedicated to the liberation of all beings
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once the bodhicitta is aroused
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the person undertakes vows
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how many bodhisattva vows are there?
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10
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development of bodhisattva path
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following the 6 perfections
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first perfection
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generosity
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description
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sincere desire to benefit others without selfishness
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second perfection
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morality
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description
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developing selfless compassion
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third perfection
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patience
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description
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able to withstand and accepting the truth of suffering
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fourth perfection
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energy
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description
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courageous effort to realise enlightenment
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fifth perfection
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meditation
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description
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cultivate the mind
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sixth perfection
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wisdom
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description
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direct realisation of sunyata
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after the first 6 perfections, later?
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four more were added
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prominent bodhisattva
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avalokitesvara
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belief about his compassion
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named the bodhisattva of compassion as so much karuna
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his female aspect is called?
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tara
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ANATTA quote about buddhism and the lack of self
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there is no primary substance to remain constant
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scholar who said this:
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rupert gethin
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anatta definition
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no self
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relationship with anicca
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anatta is the personal expression of anicca
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analogy of a tree
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the existence of a tree is not dependent on the continued existence of its parts
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conditioned existence
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everything comes into existence through causes and conditions
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buddhist vision of the nature of reality
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dependent arising
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the dalai llama's explanation of dependent arising
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all events in life are so intimately linked with the fate of others
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5 aggregates or khandas are described as?
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bundles of fuel that burn the fires of dukka
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first aggregate
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rupa / form
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description
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material aspect of existence made up of physical elements
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second aggregate
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vedana / feeling
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description
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bodily and mental feelings, positive negative and neutral
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third aggregate
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sanna / perception
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description
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mental labelling recognition and interpretation
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fourth aggregate
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sankharas / formations
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description
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mental formations and activity including karma
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fifth aggregate
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vinnana / consciousness
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description
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making sense of what we perceive
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analogy in the questions of king milinda
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analogy of a chariot
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logic of the analogy
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applies reductionist analysis to inanimate objects
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a chariot relies on the sum of its parts for its existence
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humans rely on the khandhas
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as the khandhas are constantly changing so?
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there can be no permanent self
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SAMSARA samsara definition
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cycle of life death and rebirth
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buddhist belief about samsara and human action
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good actions lead to positive rebirths and experiences and vice versa
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karma literal translation
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action
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what is karma not?
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a system of reward and punishment
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pictoral way to understand samsara (mahayana)
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the wheel of life
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circle 1
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three poisons
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greed anger and ignorance represented by animals
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cockerel, snake, pig
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circle 2
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shows people going to good or bad realms
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circle 3
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6 realms of rebecoming
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circle 4
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12 links of dependent arising
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holding the wheel
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yama
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yama is?
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lord of death and monster of impermanence
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6 realms of becoming
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god, demi god , human, animal, hungry ghost, hell
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only realm from which you can reach enlightenment
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human realm
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scholar harvey says its a?
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marvellous opportunity for spiritual growth
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realm of demi gods who are?
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angry beings constantly at war
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dominant karmic cause of this realm?
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envy
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godly realm is blissful but?
|
there is no motivation to reach nirvana
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dominant karmic cause of this realm?
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pride
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animals realm dominant karmic cause?
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delusion
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description of the hungry ghosts realm
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hungry ghosts suffer severely from unfulfilled desires
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hungry ghosts dominant karmic cause?
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greed
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hell realm description
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unimaginable suffering
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hell realm karmic cause?
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anger / hatred
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hell realm is different from Abrahamic religions because?
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it is temporary until karmic merit is redeemed
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who gave an office block analogy for samsara?
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Damien Keown
|
interpretations of samsara
|
could be completely psychological different karmic actions contribute to metaphysical existence
|
Mark Epstein :
|
"the entire wheel is a representation of neurotic suffering"
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the dalai llama is an honorary title for?
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the 14th rebirth of avalokitesvara
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who was the bodhisattva of?
|
infinite compassion and mercy
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very important in mahayana traditions but also?
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recognised in therevada tradition
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the current dalai llama is where?
|
living as a refugee in india after fleeing tibet
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political roles
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political figurehead for tibetan freedom
|
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sila
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good moral conduct =
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good karmic merit
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the eightfold path gives guidelines on good moral conduct
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right action right livelihood right speech
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4th noble truth = overcome desires =
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overcome dukka
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5 precepts
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abstain from killing abstain from taking what is not given abstain from sexual misconduct abstain from wrong speech abstain from intoxication
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these aren't hard rules, more like?
|
practical guidelines
|
who should follow the 5 precepts?
|
everyone who follows the buddhist path
|
monks have a further 5 precepts to follow e,g
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celibacy
|
buddhist ethics teachings are never
|
dogmatic
|
intention
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cetana
|
unintentional killing of an insect is?
|
morally neutral
|
intention is critical as it impacts?
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karmic result
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animals karma as a result of intention is not as intense, as their minds are clouded by ignorance
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e.g lion killing zebra for food is unaware of the suffering it is inflicting
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(mahayana) 6 perfections/ paramitas are a part of good moral conduct as they help you become a bodhisattva
|
generosity morality patience energy meditation wisdom
|
mahayana buddhists use upaya to know ?
|
the right action to help beings towards liberation
|
free will and moral responsibility - how do buddhists view freedom?
|
soft determinism
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karma would be unfair if there was not?
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free will
|
parable of the poisoned arrow explained how ?
|
worrying about whether you are free or not is a waste of time
|
suffering is not overcome by?
|
contemplating freedom
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kusala actions
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wholesome actions as healthy intention
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akusala actions
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unwholesome as come from 3 poisons
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buddhist cardinal virtues
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araga adosa amoha
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araga
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no selfish desires
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adosa
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benevolance
|
amoha
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understanding
|
AHIMSA
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non violence
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loving kindness
|
metta
|
what story demonstrates that non violence is stronger than violence ?
|
angulimala
|
ahimsa and application to
|
embryos and abortion
|
cycle of samsara means what for existence?
|
no beginning or end
|
so conception is?
|
the point of rebirth
|
all life is scared
|
including foetuses
|
also impacting foetuses chance of reaching enlightenment
|
harvey quote
|
abortion goes against the concept of
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ahimsa
|
so there would be ?
|
negative karmic consequences
|
vinaya monastic code in the pali canon -
|
forbids monks and nuns assisting in abortions
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motivation is important as selfish reasons=
|
worse karma
|
universal consensus among Buddhist ethicists about preventing abortion =
|
education about birth control and contraception
|
tibetian view =
|
abortion wastes a precious human rebirth
|
but the dalai llama says :
|
"abortion should be approved or disapproved of according to each circumstance"
|
japanese ritual to counteract negetive karmic effects of abortion
|
mizuko kuyo
|
literal translation
|
water child memorial service
|
application of ahimsa to
|
animals
|
first precept
|
abstain from killing
|
killing pests =
|
bad karmic results
|
but you can counteract this by doing karmically fruitful deeds, e.g
|
farmer killing crop pests to feed community
|
Theravada views on vegetarianism
|
rare but admired
|
monks and nuns shoudl accept meat in alms bowls
|
buddha referred to meat given this way as blameless
|
size and intelligence of animal killed matters
|
more bad karma for killing elephant than ant
|
but it is better to kill one large animal (cow) than many small animals (chickens) when
|
providing food
|
mahayana view on vegetarianism
|
disagree the buddha allowed eating meat
|
sutra in which he condemned the practice
|
lankavatara sutra
|
consequently vegetarianism is required in?
|
the bodhisattva precepts
|
however for cold Nepal climate and Japanese fishing villages, vegetarianism may be?
|
impractical
|
buddhists are against extreme treatment of animals e.g
|
factory farming ,bloodsports ,zoos for entertainment not conservation
|
however, in some cases it is permitted to use animals for human benefits
|
medical experiments, xenotransplantation, pets
|
ahimsa in application to
|
war
|
war goes against the first precept and principle of
|
ahimsa
|
but buddhists have been prepared to use violence in
|
self defence
|
the buddha on conflict
|
hatred never ends through hatred
|
definite opposition to
|
weapons of mass destruction
|
SANGHA the sangha definition
|
community
|
lay sangha supports bhikkus by?
|
providing food clothing and accommodation
|
lay people receive in return from bhikkus (monks and nuns)
|
spiritual guidance
|
monastic life
|
vinaya
|
(therevada) monks take part in their community
|
alms rounds
|
(therevada) viharas contribute as
|
community centres, schools, banks
|
so they benefit ?
|
the whole community
|
(therevada) monks and nuns have a unique opportunity to work towards enlightenment
|
lay people cannot achieve enlightenment
|
(mahayana) monks and nun do not have to
|
cut ties with family
|
(mahayana) lay people can also
|
achieve enlightenment
|
the sangha in thailand has ?
|
religious and political roles
|
role of sangha council
|
mediates between royalty and govt, consulted in legal changes
|
thai sangha provides education programmes
|
historically was only option for educating children
|
thai sangha undertakes ceremonies
|
blessing unions, blessing homes
|
to be ordained as a monk or nun, you have to have at least 10 monks or nuns to perform the ordination, as a result
|
ordination of nuns died out in thailand
|
instead of nuns, women become
|
mae chis
|
but this is controversial because
|
less karmic merit for helping a mae chi than a nun
|
disucssion with thai govt about whether
|
nuns ordained internationally could be recognised in thailand
|
voiced by who?
|
dhammananda
|
qualities of the thai monastic life
|
communal, disciplined , ordered
|
importance of chores and cleanliness for
|
improving medative state
|
controversial buddhist monastery
|
watt phra dhammakaya
|
global members?
|
3 million
|
what tradition?
|
therevada
|
what do they refer to themselves as?
|
the face of modern thai buddhism
|
what do they say their aim is?
|
revive traditional buddhism using modern technology
|
the abbot
|
dhammajayo
|
controversy about the abbot?
|
in hiding for money laundering allegations
|
their main emphasis is on?
|
money and donations
|
the accounts are kept?
|
secret
|
abbott compared himself to a ?
|
god like figure
|
DEVOTION people may keep in their homes?
|
shrines
|
which may have ?
|
images and offerings
|
therevada shrines always contain images of the buddha, but mahayana shrines may have an image of a?
|
bodhisattva
|
what may be attached to monastries?
|
temples and stupas
|
offerings include?
|
flowers water incense
|
therevada acts of devotion/respect in temple ?
|
remove shoes, dress in white, sit with feet tucked
|
bhikkus may?
|
recite sermons
|
chanting purpose ?
|
prepare the mind for meditation
|
basis for therevada chants
|
pali canon
|
basis for mahayana chants
|
wide range of sources
|
importance of chanting
|
focus for meditation, shared religious commitment, calming
|
chants selected based on?
|
vibrations
|
chants can also be used for?
|
protection
|
and can also generate?
|
karmic fruitfulness
|
can calm down?
|
angry people or ghosts
|
2 main festivals
|
wesak and parinirvana day
|
variations in features based on?
|
culture and tradition
|
when is wesak celebrated ?
|
may
|
what does it celebrate ?
|
birth enlightenment and death of the buddha
|
how may Buddhists celebrate?
|
releasing caged birds or paper lanterns
|
what does parinirvana day celebrate?
|
buddhas release from samsara through death
|
how may buddhists celebrate?
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reading scriptures visiting temples lantern festivals
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why is parinirvana day different from wesak?
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more reflective as buddhists consider their own mortality
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mudras
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hand gestures
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purpose?
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communication
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examples of what there might be mudras for
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generosity meditation fearlessness
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main mudras can be used to?
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represent points in the buddhas life
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mudras vary based on tradition- example
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dhyana mudra
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how does it vary (therevada)
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thumbs placed against palms
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(mahayana)
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thumbs pointing upwards
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images of the buddha and bodhisattvas what do sculptures remind Buddhists of
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aspects of the buddhas life and teachings
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therevada belief about statues and images
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inspiration and reminders
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mahayana belief about images
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images are said to have a spirit or soul
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mahayana belief about statues
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statues will have organs made inside them as seen as living entity
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monastic and lay buddhists
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what do you need in order to meditate ?
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a teacher
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buddha quote on meditation teachers
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saw it as the "most powerful external factor" to gaining enlightenment
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meditation is not?
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generic
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therevada meditation/mindfulness is not?
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'floating away'
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what is it instead described as?
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thorough and undistorted observation
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4 aspects of mindfulness (1)
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simple awareness
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(2)
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protective awareness
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(3)
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introspective awareness
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(4)
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deliberately formed conceptions
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meditative concentration
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samadhi
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right effort + right mindfulness leads to
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right concentration
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2 types of meditation
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samatha and vipassana
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samatha meditation aim
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calmness and tranquility
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vipassana meditation aim
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insight to stop spiritual ignorance
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to achieve enlightenment and follow to eightfold path you need to develop?
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both types
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5 hindrances to meditation
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desire, ill-will, lethargy, restlessness, fear of commitment
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4 types of modern meditation
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concentrative generative receptive reflective
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significance of worship?
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guidance, realise dharma, increased understanding, community
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